What Two Adjustments Can Be Made to the Condenser

Organisation for condensing gas into liquid by cooling

The condenser coil of a refrigerator

In systems involving rut transfer, a condenser is a estrus exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid country through cooling. In so doing, the latent rut is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding surround. Condensers are used for efficient rut rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers tin be fabricated co-ordinate to numerous designs, and come in many sizes ranging from rather modest (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For instance, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of oestrus extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.

Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such every bit distillation, steam power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air every bit the coolant is mutual in many condensers.^[1]

History [edit]

This section needs expansion. You lot can help by adding to information technology. (September 2019)

The earliest laboratory condenser, a "Gegenstromkühler" (counter-flow condenser), was invented in 1771 by the Swedish-German language chemist Christian Weigel.^[2] By the mid-19th century, German language pharmacist Justus von Liebig would provide his own improvements on the preceding designs of Weigel and Johann Friedrich August Göttling, with the device becoming known as the Liebig condenser.^[3]

Principle of functioning [edit]

A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid (e.thou. water in a steam power plant) to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air. The condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during stage changes, in this case during the condensation of a vapor into a liquid. The vapor typically enters the condenser at a temperature to a higher place that of the secondary fluid. Every bit the vapor cools, it reaches the saturation temperature, condenses into liquid and releases large quantities of latent heat. As this process occurs along the condenser, the quantity of vapor decreases and the quantity of liquid increases; at the outlet of the condenser, just liquid remains. Some condenser designs contain an additional length to subcool this condensed liquid below the saturation temperature.^[4]

Countless variations exist in condenser pattern, with blueprint variables including the working fluid, the secondary fluid, the geometry and the material. Common secondary fluids include water, air, refrigerants, or phase-modify materials.

Condensers have two meaning design advantages over other cooling technologies:

• Heat transfer by latent rut is much more efficient than heat transfer by sensible rut only
• The temperature of the working fluid stays relatively abiding during condensation, which maximizes the temperature deviation between the working and secondary fluid.

Examples of condensers [edit]

Surface condenser [edit]

A surface condenser is i in which condensing medium and vapors are physically separated and used when directly contact is not desired. It is a vanquish and tube heat exchanger installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in thermal power stations. Normally, the cooling water flows through the tube side and the steam enters the crush side where the condensation occurs on the outside of the heat transfer tubes. The condensate drips downwards and collects at the bottom, often in a congenital-in pan chosen a hotwell. The shell side oftentimes operates at a vacuum or partial vacuum, produced by the deviation in specific volume between the steam and condensate. Conversely, the vapor can be fed through the tubes with the coolant water or air flowing around the outside.

Chemistry [edit]

In chemistry, a condenser is the apparatus which cools hot vapors, causing them to condense into a liquid. Examples include the Liebig condenser, Graham condenser, and Allihn condenser. This is not to be confused with a condensation reaction which links two fragments into a unmarried molecule by an addition reaction and an elimination reaction.

In laboratory distillation, reflux, and rotary evaporators, several types of condensers are commonly used. The Liebig condenser is simply a direct tube within a cooling water jacket, and is the simplest (and relatively to the lowest degree expensive) form of condenser. The Graham condenser is a spiral tube within a h2o jacket, and the Allihn condenser has a series of big and minor constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Being more complex shapes to manufacture, these latter types are also more expensive to purchase. These three types of condensers are laboratory glassware items since they are typically made of drinking glass. Commercially bachelor condensers usually are fitted with footing glass joints and come in standard lengths of 100, 200, and 400 mm. Air-cooled condensers are unjacketed, while water-cooled condensers comprise a jacket for the water.

Industrial distillation [edit]

Larger condensers are too used in industrial-calibration distillation processes to cool distilled vapor into liquid distillate. Commonly, the coolant flows through the tube side and distilled vapor through the beat side with distillate collecting at or flowing out the bottom.

Air-conditioning [edit]

Condenser unit for central ac for a typical business firm

A condenser unit used in key air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to heighten the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger department to cool the refrigerant within. A typical configuration of such a condenser unit is equally follows: The rut exchanger section wraps around the sides of the unit with the compressor inside. In this heat exchanger section, the refrigerant goes through multiple tube passes, which are surrounded by heat transfer fins through which cooling air can circulate from outside to inside the unit. There is a motorized fan within the condenser unit near the top, which is covered by some grating to keep whatever objects from accidentally falling within on the fan. The fan is used to pull outside cooling air in through the heat exchanger section at the sides and blow it out the top through the grating. These condenser units are located on the exterior of the building they are trying to cool, with tubing between the unit of measurement and building, one for vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the unit. Of grade, an electric power supply is needed for the compressor and fan inside the unit of measurement.

Direct-contact [edit]

In a direct-contact condenser, hot vapor and cool liquid are introduced into a vessel and allowed to mix directly, rather than being separated by a barrier such equally the wall of a rut exchanger tube. The vapor gives up its latent heat and condenses to a liquid, while the liquid absorbs this heat and undergoes a temperature rise. The entering vapor and liquid typically contain a single condensable substance, such every bit a water spray being used to cool air and adjust its humidity.

Equation [edit]

For an ideal unmarried-pass condenser whose coolant has abiding density, constant heat chapters, linear enthalpy over the temperature range, perfect cross-sectional estrus transfer, and zero longitudinal rut transfer, and whose tubing has constant perimeter, constant thickness, and constant heat conductivity, and whose condensible fluid is perfectly mixed and at constant temperature, the coolant temperature varies along its tube according to:

$${\displaystyle \Theta (ten)={\frac {T_{H}-T(x)}{T_{H}-T(0)}}=e^{-NTU}=e^{-{\frac {hPx}{{\dot {m}}c}}}=due east^{-{\frac {Gx}{{\dot {thou}}cL}}}}$$

where:

Run into also [edit]

• Condenser (laboratory)
• Air well (condenser)

References [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Condensers.

1. ^ Hindelang, Human being jjhat; Palazzolo, Joseph; Robertson, Matthew, "Condensers", Encyclopedia of Chemical Applied science Equipment, University of Michigan, archived from the original on 24 December 2012
2. ^ Weigel, Christian Ehrenfried (1771). Christian Ehrenfried Weigel, Volume i (in Latin). Goettingae (Göttingen): Aere Dieterichiano. pp. 8–11. Retrieved xvi September 2019.
3. ^ Liebig, Justus von; Poggendorff, J.C.; Wöhler, Fr. (eds.) (1842), Handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten Chemie [Dictionary of pure and applied chemistry], vol. 2 (in German language). Braunschweig, Federal republic of germany: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. Article: "Destillation," pp. 526–554.
4. ^ Kays, Westward.M.; London, A.Fifty. (January 1984), "Condensers", Compact Oestrus Exchangers, OSTI, OSTI 6132549

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)

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